Modelling European interconnection
All interconnectors between the model’s countries are modelled. Interconnector capacities follow ENTSO-E’s TYNDP 2024 and national network plans (Terna’s for Italy), with GB interconnectors taken from Modo Energy’s own project register. Most borders hold flat after 2050.
Note: Transmission expansion is fixed in advance and not chosen by the model. We only include projects already planned in the TYNDP timeline.
Interconnector capacity evolution
Interconnections are modelled using a net transfer capacity (NTC) approach. Electricity can flow up to the rated capacity of the interconnector at any time, and is limited by ramping rates. Asymmetric capacity limits are permitted on the same interconnector, based on direction of power flow.
Ramping rates
Direct current (DC) interconnectors are subject to a ramping rate constraint, typically limited to 30 MW per minute (Source). This reflects common operational limits agreed between two synchronous areas to preserve frequency stability and system security.